[15] Although the bloodsucking habit is associated with a long proboscis, a fossil insect that has elongated mouthparts is not necessarily a bloodsucker, as it may instead have fed on nectar. Female horse-flies can transfer blood-borne diseases from one animal to another through their feeding habit. [52] The site of the bite should be washed and a cold compress applied. With the stimulus of moisture and friction, the larvae emerge…. [9] Deer flies in the genus Chrysops are up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long, have yellow to black bodies and striped abdomens, and membranous wings with dark patches. In areas where diseases occur, they have been known to carry equine infectious anaemia virus, some trypanosomes, the filarial worm Loa loa, anthrax among cattle and sheep, and tularemia. [27], Adult horse-flies feed on nectar and plant exudates, and some are important pollinators of certain specialised flowers;[17] several South African and Asian species in the Pangoniinae have spectacularly long probosces adapted for the extraction of nectar from flowers with long, narrow corolla tubes, such as Lapeirousia,[28] and certain Pelargonium. Horse-flies or horseflies (for other names, see § Common names) are true flies in the family Tabanidae in the insect order Diptera. The larvae remain in the eggs until the horse licks itself. They can reduce growth rates in cattle and lower the milk output of cows if suitable shelters are not provided. Apart from the common name "horse-flies", broad categories of biting, bloodsucking Tabanidae are known by a large number of common names. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Scratching the wound should be avoided and an antihistamine preparation can be applied. [53], In Prometheus Bound, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright Aeschylus, a gadfly sent by Zeus's wife Hera pursues and torments his mistress Io, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman Argus:[54][55] "Io: Ah! The eggs are white at first, but darken with age. For other uses, see, List of soldierflies and allies of Great Britain, "Deer flies, yellow flies and horse flies", "The fossil tabanids (Diptera Tabanidae): When they began to appreciate warm blood and when they began transmit diseases? [12] Horseflies can lay claim to being the fastest flying insects; the male Hybomitra hinei wrighti has been recorded reaching speeds of up to 145 km (90 mi) per hour when pursuing a female. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The larvae may be parasitized by nematodes, flies of the families Bombyliidae and Tachinidae, and Hymenoptera in the family Pteromalidae. [4][10], Tabanids are known vectors for some blood-borne bacterial, viral, protozoan, and worm diseases of mammals, such as the equine infectious anaemia virus and various species of Trypanosoma which cause diseases in animals and humans. The larvae, stage usuall… [15], The Tabanidae are true flies and members of the insect order Diptera.
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