There are no other references, as the circuit I developed appears to be unique. The circuits shown here are about as simple as they can be, consistent with good, reliable performance. After two time constants (3 seconds), the voltage has fallen by another 37%, down to 4.8V (for a 35V supply).
So, you will get the resistor value and then use it in first formula to calculate the discharge time constant. These resistors are used for safety bleeder resistors across your 942C or 940C capacitors in your primary MMC capacitor arrays. Last modified December 31, 2017. This resistor is used in series with the DC bus capacitors in the Reference Design 2.0 and Reference Design 3.0 DRSSTC systems to limit inrush current when power is first applied to the system. Assume this is 3x the RC time constant, which then When mains power is interrupted, the relay's normally closed contacts connect a discharge resistor. Put the safe voltage and the time with which you want to discharge the capacitor and you’ll get the value of bleeder resistor. MOSFETs are readily available for most voltages encountered, and the circuit is so simple that it will add little to the build cost, nor will it occupy much space. However, some people do like the idea of using bleeders, and adding 2k (2 x 1k, 1W in series) will speed this up. R1 should normally pass a peak current of around 500µA to the base of Q1. It's very important to understand that single-supply amplifiers with a speaker coupling capacitor need special attention. Now check the power used in the bleeder resistor. Therefore a conservative rating would be 1-watt resistor or larger. At 80V DC, it will dissipate a peak power of 40W, but that will drop below 5W in less than 1.5 seconds. Available as a single or in sets of 10. The relay will have a limited life (especially when switching DC), unlike an electronic circuit. P = V2/R = (200 v)2 / (133 Kohm) = 0.3 watts.
The circuit will not work if they are the wrong way around, so care is needed. At the same time, when the power supply is turned off, this charge has to be removed. There is one other circuit I found, which was patented in 1996 [ 1 ]. becomes a desired t = RC = 1600 seconds or longer. The formula for voltage regulation is given as: So if VR near to zero means the voltage regulation is good. otherwise, the language is very simple & easy to understand. While further improvements are possible, there appears to be no good reason to add any more parts, because it works just fine as it is. It should normally pass around 1mA. It can even be made in a small box, with three leads - chassis, transformer and DC, allowing it to be attached while working on an amplifier. Any MOSFET with a suitable voltage rating can be used, provided you leave a 10-20% safety margin.
With more capacitance, you either have to accept even more wasted power, or wait longer for the caps to discharge. The voltage across C1 cannot exceed 15V, but 10µF, 63V electros are so common that you wouldn't use anything else. A resistor like the one shown holds the transistor off until the software has everything set up. The MOSFET will have to handle up to 15W, but it's only for a few milliseconds. While the circuit is clever and uses the absolute minimum number of parts, it's not the one I'd recommend. This will work well if the DC is less than 30V, but it gets troublesome at higher voltages. Use them in series between your gate driver IC and your gate on your MOSFET or IGBT. Depending on how the circuit is viewed, usually it is for turn-off enhancement or like Papabravo said, to make sure the fet turns-off just in case if the gate left floating. Anyone working with the circuits may get electric shocks in the absence of bleeder resistor. Because I don't consider a discharge/ bleeder circuit essential (or even necessary), it's hard for me to recommend using the circuits shown here within an amplifier chassis. Note that while you may see references to using a screwdriver to short charged capacitors - Don't! As shown above, C1 has +100mV (relative to the main supply) during normal operation. The AC detector simply uses the AC from the transformer to turn on a transistor (Q1) 50 or 60 times per second, maintaining a low voltage across a capacitor as long as AC is present.
The gate is a high impedance node, and when left floating, can assume any voltage due to parasitic coupling, noise and other factors. You can also check other methods for voltage regulation. The current is limited by R3 to prevent gate damage. This will be enough for the vast majority of applications. Lets consider a simple circuit as shown below. Some experimentation found that a 150 Kohm 1-watt carbon composition resistor showed no noticeable warming. In AC to DC rectifiers, the DC link capacitors are used to maintain the smooth DC waveform. There are a few attempts shown on-line, but none (other than the reference above) that I saw will work very well (some won't work at all, or are poorly executed). Here P is the power consumed by the bleeder resistor. The MOSFET will dissipate up to 10W at 80V, but typically only for less than 10ms, and it will not need a heatsink. So it is up to the designer that how much manipulation does he wants.
R3 is the safety bleeder resistor. Finding a relay with a suitable coil voltage may be tricky, as they only come with a limited range of voltages. Depends on the input signal. The wiring must be rated for the likely voltages you'll encounter. Mostly, this is quite fast enough to let you work on the amp without having to wait forever for the caps to discharge. The only reason for the 15V zener diode is to protect the gate of the MOSFET, which is vulnerable to ESD (electrostatic discharge) and any voltage above 20V may cause the insulation to fail. The Bleeder resistor is also known as Power Supply Drain Resistor. Still, it's the only viable alternative circuit I could find, indication that active capacitor discharge circuits probably fall into the 'esoteric' category. Littelfuse’s SP4010 TVS diode array offers ESD protection for 10 V high-speed signal lines. This can be achieved with any capacitance you like (and any voltage as well). For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The extra power can increase temperatures inside an un-ventilated case surprisingly quickly.
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