wood biomass

", "Whilst these values represent the extremes, they demonstrate that site selection for bioenergy crop cultivation can make the difference between large GHG [greenhouse gas] savings or losses, shifting life‐cycle GHG emissions above or below mandated thresholds. [3][5] Material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences. To calculate land use requirements for different kinds of power production, it is essential to know the relevant area-specific power densities. Reducing uncertainties in ∆C [carbon increase or decrease] following LUC [land use change] is therefore more important than refining N2O [nitrous oxide] emission estimates (Berhongaray et al., 2017). [2], Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2.

", "Fig.

argue that a miscanthus crop with a yield of 10 tonnes per hectare per year sequesters so much carbon that the crop more than compensates for both farm operations emissions and transport emissions. ", "Significant reductions in GHG emissions have been demonstrated in many LCA studies across a range of bioenergy technologies and scales (Thornley et al., 2009, 2015). For the use of the term in ecology, see, Biological material used as a renewable energy source, Power production compared to other renewables, "Any soil disturbance, such as ploughing and cultivation, is likely to result in short-term respiration losses of soil organic carbon, decomposed by stimulated soil microbe populations (Cheng, 2009; Kuzyakov, 2010). Absent higher-value end use, however, biomass available to market may creep into higher-grade material. Learn about wood biomass from objective industry experts. Biomass from Wood Processing. 0000127089 00000 n 0000103605 00000 n

Trees of low value may also be chipped whole for use in energy production, or debarked and chipped for pellet manufacture.

[j], Since emissions originating from combustion can be absorbed by next season's plant growth, a carbon negative life cycle is possible if the below-ground carbon accumulation more than compensates for the non-combustion-related emissions (mainly emissions orginating from agriculture, processing and transport). The basic alternatives are torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, these are separated principally by the extent to which the chemical reactions involved are allowed to proceed (mainly controlled by the availability of oxygen and conversion temperature).[15]. Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production (electricity or heat), or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products. iLUC) creating a carbon debt which could take decades to repay (Fargione et al., 2008). For instance, corn plantations producing solid biomass for combustion generate more than double the amount of power per square metre compared to corn plantations producing for ethanol, when the yield is the same: 10 t/ha generates 0.60 W/m2 and 0.26 W/m2 respectively.[51]. Sewage sludge is another source of biomass. [13], Second-generation biofuels utilize non-food-based biomass sources such as perennial energy crops (low input crops), and agricultural/municipal waste. grain and oil seed). 0000211110 00000 n Bioenergy categories suitable for woody biomass include the following. 0000112045 00000 n [citation needed] If non-sustainable forestry techniques are employed, previously combusted CO2 is only partially re-absorbed. 0000131904 00000 n This can be performed directly in a direct carbon fuel cell,[21] direct liquid fuel cells such as direct ethanol fuel cell, a direct methanol fuel cell, a direct formic acid fuel cell, a L-ascorbic Acid Fuel Cell (vitamin C fuel cell),[22] and a microbial fuel cell. Material from construction projects holds higher value, as it is usually cleaner, devoid of nails, and unlikely to be tainted with lead paint or other toxic materials. 0000118521 00000 n See how your price should evolve based on published Fastmarkets RISI price indices or mill cost data. The waste resulted from a wood processing is influenced by the diameter of logs being processed, type of saw, specification of product required and skill of workers. 0000079900 00000 n [...] The assumption that annual cropland provides greater potential for soil carbon sequestration than grassland appears to be over‐simplistic, but there is an opportunity to improve predictions of soil carbon sequestration potential using information on the initial soil carbon stock as a stronger predictor of ∆C [change in carbon amount] than prior land use.

"Making fischer-tropsch fuels and electricity from coal and biomass: Performance and cost analysis."

If emissions during agriculture, processing, transport and combustion are higher than what is absorbed, both above and below ground during crop growth, the GHG life cycle cost is positive. 0000134927 00000 n Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood fuel. [6] Offsetting these impacts, photosynthesis eventually cycles the CO2 back into new crops and to the soil.[4]. For instance, Whitaker et al. All biomass is biologically-produced matter based in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Other advantages include the fact that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during the burning process is typically 90% less than when burning fossil fuel. There is increasing recognition that biomass in the form of wood, agricultural residues and other organic materials is a vital component of the renewable energy mix.

0000129433 00000 n [56], FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) estimate that forest plantation yields range from 1 to 25 m3 per hectare per year globally, equivalent to 0.02–0.7 W/m2 (0.4–12.2 t/ha):[p], Smil estimate that natural temperate mixed forests yield on average 1.5–2 dry tonnes per hectare (2–2,5 m3, equivalent to 0.1 W/m2), ranging from 0.9 m3 in Greece to 6 m3 in France).[57]. [54] When calculating power production per square metre, every t/ha of dry biomass yield increases a plantation's power production by 0.06 W/m2. [o] Consequently, Smil estimates the following: In Brazil, the average yield for eucalyptus is 21 t/ha (1.26 W/m2), but in Africa, India and Southeast Asia, typical eucalyptus yields are below 10 t/ha (0.6 W/m2). A Combined Overview of Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Biomass. Soils already rich in carbon includes peatland and mature forest. 0000088963 00000 n 0000003363 00000 n The chart on the right displays two CO2 negative miscanthus production pathways, and two CO2 positive poplar production pathways, represented in gram CO2-equivalents per megajoule.

To match the world average for biofuels (0.3 W/m2), plantations need to produce 5 tonnes of dry mass per hectare per year. [t], This article is about biomass as a renewable energy source. [17] The Cleaner the residues yield higher the value. In urban areas it includes tree trimmings and storm debris. ", "The raw material for non-woody pellets can be herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, aquatic biomass or biomass blends and mixtures. While wood biomass may include any part of the tree, cost differentials in the various components is a primary limiting factor.

There are numerous types of plants, including corn, switchgrass, miscanthus, hemp, sorghum, sugarcane, and bamboo. 0000088940 00000 n Biomass burning is carbon based and therefore produces air pollution in the form of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulates and other pollutants. Biomass can be converted into multiple commodity chemicals. 0000063020 00000 n 572 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 575 /H [ 2284 460 ] /L 436041 /E 310463 /N 3 /T 424482 >> endobj xref 572 71 0000000016 00000 n Pellets are usually manufactured in a die, with total moisture content usually less than 10 % of their mass on wet basis. Forest-based biomass projects can have long rotation times, and have received som criticism for that. 0000132031 00000 n Annual disturbance under arable cropping repeats this year after year resulting in reduced SOC levels. [24], The evidence that biomass is carbon neutral is under debate. 0000062791 00000 n

[citation needed] Upgrading to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods, broadly classified as thermal, chemical, or biochemical. 0000063741 00000 n miscanthus, switchgrass), wood or forest residues, waste from food crops (wheat straw, bagasse), horticulture (yard waste), food processing (corn cobs), animal farming (manure, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus), or human waste from sewage plants.

", "The raw material for wood pellets is woody biomass in accordance with Table 1 of ISO 17225‑1. Wood Biomass for Energy Wood fuel has several environmental advantages over fossil fuel. woody biomass or to produce intermediate biofuels designed to be stored and transported long distances.

0000111814 00000 n

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